Steady States of a Nonequilibrium Lattice Gas

We present a Monte Carlo study of a lattice gas driven out of equilibrium by a local hopping bias. Sites can be empty or occupied by one of two types of particles, which are distinguished by their response to the hopping bias. All particles interact via excluded volume and a nearest-neighbor attractive force. The main result is a phase diagram with three phases: a homogeneous phase, and two distinct ordered phases. Continuous boundaries separate the homogeneous phase from the ordered phases, and a first-order line separates the two ordered phases. The three lines merge in a nonequilibrium bicritical point.Comment: 14 pages, 24 figure

Resolution exchange simulation

We extend replica exchange simulation in two ways, and apply our approaches to biomolecules. The first generalization permits exchange simulation between models of differing resolution -- i.e., between detailed and coarse-grained models. Such ``resolution exchange'' can be applied to molecular systems or spin systems. The second extension is to ``pseudo-exchange'' simulations, which require little CPU usage for most levels of the exchange ladder and also substantially reduces the need for overlap between levels. Pseudo exchanges can be used in either replica or resolution exchange simulations. We perform efficient, converged simulations of a 50-atom peptide to illustrate the new approaches.Comment: revised manuscript: 4.2 pages, 3 figure

Aluminum as a commercial conductor of electric energy

In considering the adaptability of any metal to serve as a distributing agent of electrical energy, the investigation must shape itself along three lines, viz, - the electrical, the physical and the chemical properties which the metal may possess. Evidently a deficiency in any of these properties, if serious, will debar it from successfully coping in the market with its competitors. A metal may have excellent conductivity and its behavior electrically may be thoroughly satisfactory, but if it lacks strength, physically, or ability to resist the destructive forces of the atmosphere, chemically, it is obviously inadaquate sic to serve as a conductor --page 1